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Commissioned by King Jeongjo (r. 1740–1810) in 1790, the ''Muyedobotongji'' (or ''Muye Tobo Tong Ji'', translating to "Comprehensive Illustrated Manual of Martial Arts") expanded on the eighteen weapons systems identified in the ''Muyeshinbo'' of 1758. Written by Yi Deokmu (이덕무, 1741–1793), Pak Je-ga (박제가, 1750–1805) and Baek Dong-soo (백동수, 1743–1816), and published in four volumes in 1795, it preserved the methods and practices of the earlier work while adding equestrian training by executing six of the earlier weapons on horseback (마상육기 馬上六技 or 마상6기), extending the system to "twenty-four (arts ) methods" (()이십사 / ()二十四技) While little more than a field manual for cataloguing required skills, the ''Muyedobotongji'' is widely regarded as a resource for understanding the nature of Korean military science in the 18th century. ==Background== Destruction of the Korean palace and its libraries in 1126 as well as the Mongol invasion in 1231 and subsequent Mongol domination of Korea (Yuan Dynasty 1231-1356) has eliminated any literary history of Korea prior to that time. As a result an appreciation of Korean Military Science prior to the 13th Century is very much a matter of scholarship in studying the writings and practices of Koreas neighbors. However, in 1145, King Injong (r. 1112-1146) ordered a Confucian Scholar, KIM Bu-sik, to compile SAMKUK SAGI (lit. "History of the Three Kingdoms"). Some 100 years later a Buddhist monk, Iryeon, compiled the SAMKUK YUSA (lit.: "Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms"). Both works indicate that militant attitudes between and among the three major States of the Three Kingdoms Period (37 BCE - 660 AD) resulted in each nation developing an institution for training its warriors in Military Science. Military Science continued to develop to very high levels up to and through the 12th Century but was ultimately destroyed by the Mongol onslaught. With the end of Mongol dominance, predations and incursions by coastal raiding forces of mixed nationalities ("Wa-Ko")provided the Korean administration with some rationale for rebuilding Korean Military installations and units. However, such efforts were undercut by Neo-Confucian thought that disparaged Military practices in favor of leadership by scholars and bureaucrats. As a result, Korea was unprepared for the invasion by Japanese armies in 1591 intent on using Korea as an approach for conquering China. Known as the "Imjin Waerum", the Japanese advance easily over-ran the Korean army and was stopped only by the Ming Army and the patriotic efforts of Korean nationals formed into "righteous armies" (K. "UI-BYEONG" 의병). In September, 1593, King Sunjo (1567-1608) established the ''HUNLYUN DOKAM'' (Royal Military Training Agency). At the encouragement of the Ming General Liu, T’ing, the Korean Prime Minister, Yu Song-Nyong, sought to reorganize the Korean army into a highly structured and versatile organization. His guide for this effort was the JI XIAO XIN SHU (紀效新書) or “Manual of New Military Tactics” written by General Qi Ji-Guang (1528-1588) and published in 1567. Having found the Ming Army in similar disarray against pirates in Southern China, General Qi's manual had proven successful in producing a hard-fighting and victorious army. Following the end of hostilities in 1598, the Korean government sought to record all material that they had found useful, rather than adopt the manual of General Qi in its entirety. As a result the MU YE JEBO - 무예제보 (“Martial Arts Illustrations”) was published in 1610. Ordered by King Sunjo (1567-1608), the work was compiled by one of the king’s military officers, HAN Kyo, and consisted of 6 fighting systems. These included the GON BANG (long stick), DEUNG PAE (shield), NANG SEON (multi-tipped spear), JANG CHANG (long spear), DANG PA (triple-tip spear) and the SSANG SU DO (two-handed saber). Conspicuous in its absence was the GWON BEOP material for unarmed fighting, During the reign of King Youngjo (1724-1776) the MU YE JEBO was revised and supplemented with 12 additional fighting methods by Prince Sado who originated the term SIP PAL GI - 십팔기, 十八技 (“Eighteen Fighting Methods”). Though often confused with Chinese practices of the same name and later 20th Century practices, the term coined by Prince Sado, a shortened form of BONJO MUYE SIP PAL BAN - 본조무예십팔반, 文章武藝十八般 ("18 Martial Arts Classes of the Yi Dynasty"), identified this collection of 18 fighting systems. In addition to the original 6 systems of the MUYE JEBO were added JUK CHANG (Long Bamboo Spear), KI CHANG (Flag Spear), YEDO (Short Sword), WAE GEUM (Japanese Sword), GYO JEON BO (Illustrations of Combat), JEDOK GEUM (Admirals Sword), BON GUK GEUM BEOP (Native Sword Methods), SSANG GEUM (Twin Swords), WOL DO (Crescent Sword), HYEOP DO (Spear Sword), PYEON GON (Korean Flail) and GWON BEOP (Fist Methods or Boxing). It was the MUYE SINBO that was ordered revised by King Cheongjo (R.1776-1800). Supplemented with 6 additional fighting skills, these "new" methods were little more than the dismounted methods for such weapons as the spear, sword and flail, which had been modified for execution from horseback. KWON BEOP material was also further modified with the addition of material performed between partners. The material was intended to reflect a combat format in deference to Neo-Confucian thought, by having partners use matched methods which would only produce a "stalemate" rather than a victory of one partner over another. Though ideologically satisfactory, the practice rapidly fell into disuse for its lack of practical combat effectiveness. This revised publication is titled the MU YE DOBO TONG JI (“Comprehensive Illustrated Manual of Martial Arts”) and was published in 1795. Also added KWAN BOK DOSUL (Illustrations of Uniforms) as well as a last chapter that qualified material as to its execution by a particular service. Though adequate for the nature of warfare prior to the introduction of firearms, the use of these practices fell prey to advances in technology as well as the Confucian ideologies of the Korean court which disparaged Military Science as well as technology. In 1907 Korea's neighbor, Japan, imposed its administration on Korea and dissolved the Korean Army. During the Japanese Occupation, an orchestrated effort to substitute Japanese culture for that of Korea was conducted including the imposition of Japanese Language, Japanese practices and even Japanese surnames. The methods and practices of the MUYE DOBO TONG JI were conserved in only a very limited fashion. Today, traditional Military Science identified in the MUYE DOBO TONG JI has become the focus of diligent research and ardent national pride. Re-enactment groups, both civilian and military, seek to preserve the practices which are a direct reflection of Korea's history. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muyedobotongji」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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